@article { author = {}, title = {Role of Antiviral Prophylaxis and Infection Control Measures in Elimination of Influenza -A- Nosocomial Infection among Unvaccinated Patients and Healthcare Workers}, journal = {The Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {1-12}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Egyptian Community Medicine Association}, issn = {1110-1865}, eissn = {2090-2611}, doi = {10.21608/ejcm.2019.28127}, abstract = {Background: Influenza is primarily a community-based infection; it poses threats inside healthcare facilities and can cause outbreaks. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at risk of acquiring influenza as they act as source of infection for patients. Preventing the spread of influenza in healthcare settings is an important element to improve patient safety. Method: A prospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the nosocomial transmission of influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in 25 beds in cardiology ward in a tertiary care hospital. Results: The epidemiological investigation identified 7 cases (4 male patients and 3 female HCWs) all developed new onset of fever and cough. While 50% of them had throat irritation and none of them had gastrointestinal manifestations. All cases were confirmed as H1N1 viral infection using real-time reverse transcription PCR from 6-12 April 2015. Cases age range was 48-54 years old for patients and 32-36 years old for HCWs. All patients have ischemic heart disease and HCWs were all healthy. None of them were vaccinated, all cases received oral Oseltamivir and got favorable outcome. Conclusion: Antiviral prophylaxis and treatment (when indicated) play essential roles in controlling transmission of healthcare associated influenza and implementing rigorous infection control practices minimize cross-transmission and successively control influenza outbreak.}, keywords = {Nosocomial Influenza,H1N1,Antiviral prophylaxis,epidemiological investigation,infection control measures}, url = {https://ejcm.journals.ekb.eg/article_28127.html}, eprint = {https://ejcm.journals.ekb.eg/article_28127_4e257738d5f65d6c3912df71d873c259.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Effect of an Interventional Program on Reducing HIV/AIDS-Related Stigma and Discrimination among Health Care Providers in Surgical Departments at Zagazig University Hospital}, journal = {The Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {13-24}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Egyptian Community Medicine Association}, issn = {1110-1865}, eissn = {2090-2611}, doi = {10.21608/ejcm.2019.28128}, abstract = {Background: HIV stigma and discrimination exist worldwide. It is present even in the healthcare sector. Objective: To assess the effect of an interventional program on reducing HIV stigma and discrimination among healthcare providers in surgical departments at Zagazig University Hospital. Method: An interventional study was conducted in two surgical departments at Zagazig University Hospital on 124 randomly selected healthcare providers over 14 months through three phases: assessment, implementation and evaluation, using a comprehensive questionnaire for measuring HIV stigma and discrimination and an observation sheet for discriminatory behavior. Results: After intervention, there was a significant reduction in percent of participants who were worried to contact HIV patients during all activities except drawing blood (p=0.55) and assisting in labor of HIV positive woman (p=0.09), those who used extra-infection control measures when caring for HIV patients (p<0.001) and those who were hesitant to work alongside HIV co-worker (p=0.04). There was a significant increase in percent of participants who agreed on presence of adequate health facility policies protecting them from HIV (p<0.001) and HIV-positive women’s right to have babies (p<0.001). Conclusion: This interventional program was effective in reducing most of the healthcare providers’ stigmatizing attitudes and discriminatory practices towards HIV patients.}, keywords = {Stigma,Discrimination,HIV/AIDS,interventional program,Attitude}, url = {https://ejcm.journals.ekb.eg/article_28128.html}, eprint = {https://ejcm.journals.ekb.eg/article_28128_cb9fd332a687a197018d1db124cc557d.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Problematic Internet Use through Smartphones among School Adolescents in Sohag City, Egypt}, journal = {The Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {25-34}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Egyptian Community Medicine Association}, issn = {1110-1865}, eissn = {2090-2611}, doi = {10.21608/ejcm.2019.28129}, abstract = {Background: Smartphone ownership had a significant association with problematic use of the internet and internet addiction. Objective: to determine the prevalence of problematic internet use (PIU) through smartphone among adolescents and describe the sociodemographic characteristics affecting it as well as the effect of misuse on family and peer relations. Method: An analytic cross- sectional study was carried out on 454 preparatory and secondary private school students in Sohag City, Egypt. Internet Addiction Test (IAT) was used to measure the internet use. Results: PIU was reported in 52.4% of students whereas internet addiction (IA) occurred in 4% of the students. The mean score of IAT was significantly higher among males than females (54.7±16.9 versus 49.9±15.4 respectively, P= 0.002). Social media activities were significantly higher among males (88.0%) whereas educational internet activities were significantly higher among females (75.2%). PIU and IA through smartphone were significantly higher among adolescents whom fathers were highly educated (56.0% & 5.6% respectively) and among adolescents who had internet access at home (81.9% & 88.9% respectively). Bad/neutral relations with family members were significantly higher among those with PIU and IA (61.3 & 7.5% respectively). Conclusion and recommendations: PIU through smartphones is prevalent among adolescents; males are more involved especially in social media activities. The PIU is significantly higher when internet access is available at home and among those whom fathers are highly educated. Bad family relationship is significantly higher among adolescents with PIU and IA. Interactive and media awareness programs and parents control with restriction of smartphone use among adolescents are required.}, keywords = {problematic Internet use,Internet Addiction,smartphone,Adolescents,Egypt}, url = {https://ejcm.journals.ekb.eg/article_28129.html}, eprint = {https://ejcm.journals.ekb.eg/article_28129_216ee5d5f229e1760113adf64834b080.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Assessment of IMCI Management of Undernutrition and Anemia in an Urban MCH Center; Assiut City}, journal = {The Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {35-47}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Egyptian Community Medicine Association}, issn = {1110-1865}, eissn = {2090-2611}, doi = {10.21608/ejcm.2019.28130}, abstract = {Introduction: Since Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) program was implemented as a part of child health services in Egyptian Ministry of Health, it has a well evident impact on reduction of childhood mortality. However, the details of IMCI management process have not been assessed. Objective: This study aimed to assess the IMCI management of undernutrition and anemia as well as knowledge and satisfaction of children care givers on provided services. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted in an urban maternal and child health center in Assiut city. An exit interview with the caregivers of 242 children who reported child undernutrition or anemia was administered. Results: The results revealed that, the most common child illnesses were as follow; anemia 84%, and anemia with upper respiratory tract infection 12%. Most of child’s caregivers reported good performance of physicians regarding providing the diagnosis, prescribing the treatment and the way of giving it. However, child caregivers complained that the physicians missed the provision of a follow up schedule, type of feeding during illness and signs and symptoms indicated for immediate return to MCH center. Most of child caregivers had good knowledge about undernutrition and anemia. More than 90% of child caregivers were satisfied with the provided IMCI services. Conclusions and recommendation: The majority of child caregivers were satisfied with provided IMCI services. Health care providers should inform the child caregivers about the schedule of follow up, type of feeding during illness and signs and symptoms indicated for immediate return to MCH center.}, keywords = {IMCI,Assessment,undernutrition and anemia,children care givers,Assiut city}, url = {https://ejcm.journals.ekb.eg/article_28130.html}, eprint = {https://ejcm.journals.ekb.eg/article_28130_000f4d989767f9bfe0e23c3083f98307.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Cost-Analysis of Heart Failure Cases: A Pilot Single Center Study in Egypt}, journal = {The Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {48-53}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Egyptian Community Medicine Association}, issn = {1110-1865}, eissn = {2090-2611}, doi = {10.21608/ejcm.2019.28131}, abstract = {Background: Cardiovascular disorders accounted for 33% of the total DALYs lost and for nearly half of all Egyptians deaths from NCDs. Egypt is experiencing a rising trend in health care expenditure, in line with the global trend. Comprehensive studies evaluating the prevalence, mortality and total cost of heart failure (HF), are lacking in the Middle East generally and in Egypt particularly. Thus the current pilot study aimed to figure out an estimate of the costs incurred by heart failure patients at the cardiology department of Kasr-Alainy Hospital (KAH). Objective: To calculate estimate of both the direct medical and non-medical costs of HF patients. Methods: A pilot Economic Cost analysis study was conducted at Kasr Al Aini Hospitals' cardiology department. A convenience sample of 15 HF patients were recruited. Micro-costing approach was used to estimate the average daily hospital cost per HF patient through implementation of the Activity Based Costing (ABC) model. Data was collected, cleaned, and entered to Microsoft Excel program to perform quantitative analysis. Results: The mean age of the HF patients in the studied sample was 53.5 ± 13.7, of which 60% were males and 40% were females. The median (Min-Max) length of stay (LOS) was 13 (Range 2-20) days. The average HF inpatient cost/ day in the cardiology department from January to April 2016 was 55.52 (Range 11.98- 196.90) $ and average cost per hospital admission was 721.83 (Range 155.74-2559.81) $ (exchange rate of 2016). Conclusion & Recommendations: That kind of research could provide and built up a picture of the constraints and competing priorities in budget setting process and the health sector needs and willing to commit in term of performance and accountability, which will improve planning and reallocation of resources in health care sector.}, keywords = {Heart failure,Cost- analysis,Health economics in Egypt}, url = {https://ejcm.journals.ekb.eg/article_28131.html}, eprint = {https://ejcm.journals.ekb.eg/article_28131_91a7a7bbf4c5c7d82fb4350b4d9603b7.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Awareness of Health Care Workers about Infection Control Practice and Occupational Safety at a Tertiary Care Hospital, Cairo, Egypt}, journal = {The Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {54-62}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Egyptian Community Medicine Association}, issn = {1110-1865}, eissn = {2090-2611}, doi = {10.21608/ejcm.2019.28132}, abstract = {Background: Biological occupational hazards in the form of needle stick injuries can occur anywhere within the health care organization. Worldwide, the number of health care workers annually exposed to sharp injuries contaminated with HBV, HCV or HIV is estimated at 2.1 million, 926,000 and 327,000 respectively. Objective: To measure the knowledge and attitude of a group of health care workers regarding methods for prevention of needle stick injuries and to identify their response in case of needle stick injury. Methods: A cross-sectional study included 98 physicians and 224 nurses. They filled a questionnaire including past history of occupational inquiries, knowledge on some aspects of infection control, their attitude towards occupational safety activities at their workplace and their knowledge of the actions they should do in case of needle stick injury. Results: Most of the participants were females and nurses, (42%) had history of needle stick injury. Unfortunately, most of participants had insufficient knowledge about some aspects of infection control and negative attitude towards hospital activities for occupational safety. Moreover, their knowledge on actions to be done in case of needle stick injury was inadequate. Pre-employment training, work duration and working in non-surgical departments had an impact on their knowledge. Conclusion: More programs have to be directed towards raising knowledge on occupational safety and their right to know about both types of hazards and actions to be done in case of exposure is of great importance}, keywords = {needle stick injuries,actions in case of needle injury,occupational safety at hospitals,Cairo,Egypt}, url = {https://ejcm.journals.ekb.eg/article_28132.html}, eprint = {https://ejcm.journals.ekb.eg/article_28132_0cee39c1bb84c7f61c7059f1b4ca8069.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {The Epidemiology and Factors Associated with Nocturnal Enuresis among Primary School Children in Minia City, Egypt}, journal = {The Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {63-71}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Egyptian Community Medicine Association}, issn = {1110-1865}, eissn = {2090-2611}, doi = {10.21608/ejcm.2019.28133}, abstract = {Background: Nocturnal enuresis is a common pediatric disorder. It can be defined as the involuntary passage of urine during sleep beyond the age of anticipated nighttime bladder control. Nocturnal enuresis can have a serious effect on the quality of life of children and their families. Objective: to estimate the frequency and types of treatment of nocturnal enuresis among children aged (6–12) years in Minia city, as well as to identify some risk factors associated with this problem. Methods: A cross-sectional, community based study was done among primary school children aged (6-12); they were selected from Minia city in Minia governorate, representing the urban and rural areas. Results: 16.5% of children were suffering from primary nocturnal enuresis. As the age of the child increases, the prevalence of enuresis is significantly decreased. Enuresis is significantly more common among children whose fathers’ occupation were clerical work, housewife mothers, and also more common among children of low socioeconomic status with no sex variation. Conclusion: Nocturnal enuresis is a pediatric public health problem; it is associated with younger age, low socioeconomic and low educational level of the parents, non-working mothers, and family history of enuresis. The most beneficial treatment measure was awaking the child to void and restricting fluid intake.}, keywords = {Nocturnal enuresis- Epidemiology- Risk factors- Children- Minia}, url = {https://ejcm.journals.ekb.eg/article_28133.html}, eprint = {https://ejcm.journals.ekb.eg/article_28133_065565a9bc0a32108ee30e5453d6f9c2.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Correlates of Health Related Quality of Life of Chronic Hepatitis C Children Attending Assiut University Children Hospital.}, journal = {The Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {72-81}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Egyptian Community Medicine Association}, issn = {1110-1865}, eissn = {2090-2611}, doi = {10.21608/ejcm.2019.28134}, abstract = {Background: Egypt is one of the most affected countries by HCV. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has become an important outcome measure in patients with chronic liver disease. Data regarding HRQOL among children patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) is lacking. Objectives: To assess the impact of HCV on health related quality of life of chronic hepatitis C children and identify risk factors of HRQOL impairment in those children. Methods: A case control study was conducted on 84 Chronic Hepatitis C Children (CHC) and 124 age and sex matched healthy volunteers. HRQOL was assessed by Child Health Questionnaires (CHQ), The CHQ-Parent Report Form (PF50) and CHQ-Child Report Form (CF87). Risk factors affecting HRQOL of CHC children were assessed by multiple regression analysis. Results: Compared with controls, CHC children had lower HRQOL on all scales of the CHQ. Hypo-albuminemia was significantly associated with impaired physical summary (PhS) of CHQ-Child Form (P= 0.007). However, raised liver enzyme; Aspartate transaminase (ALT) and low platelet count (PLT) were significantly associated with impaired psychosocial summary (PsS) of CHQ-Child Form. Conclusion: CHC children had lower HRQOL than controls. The predictor of impaired Physical HRQOL was hypoalbuminemia while the predictor of impaired psychosocial HRQOL was raised ALT and thrombocytopenia. It is recommended to increase awareness about HCV related issues with special focus on quality of life that is a significant factor when making decisions about hepatitis C treatment strategies. Medical and social support services should be available to children with HCV.}, keywords = {Health related quality of life,Chronic Hepatitis C Children,Assiut University Children Hospital}, url = {https://ejcm.journals.ekb.eg/article_28134.html}, eprint = {https://ejcm.journals.ekb.eg/article_28134_1aa598e1d6f760a9481b467aed0ab829.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Body Image Perception and Self-Esteem among University Students in Cairo}, journal = {The Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {82-96}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Egyptian Community Medicine Association}, issn = {1110-1865}, eissn = {2090-2611}, doi = {10.21608/ejcm.2019.28135}, abstract = {Introduction: Body image (BI) is a multidimensional concept, with behavioral, psychological and cultural components. Objectives: to describe body image perception and satisfaction among university students, to identify factors affecting body image perception and satisfaction and to determine the relation between body image perception, satisfaction, and self-esteem. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 400 university students from Ain shams university and Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST). Self-administered questionnaire was used including questions about socio-demographic factors like age and gender, body image figure scale to measure body image perception and satisfaction, scale to measure body image concerns and Rosenberg scale of self-esteem. Body weight and height were also measured to calculate BMI. Results: 400 students participated in the study, 206 (51.5%) from Ain Shams University and 194 (48.5%) from MUST University. Their mean age was 20.6 ± 2.2 years, 254 (63.5%) were females. Females preferred significantly smaller figures on figure scale as their ideal male body figure and smaller body figures for their own gender they think males would prefer. Measurement of body image satisfaction showed that 221 (55.25%) participants wanted to lose weight, 123 (30.75%) satisfied with their body weight, and 56 (14%) wanted to gain weight. 333 (83.2%) participants had positive BI concerns and 366 (91.5%) showed high self-esteem. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between self-esteem score and body image concerns scale. Conclusion: The majority of University students perceived their body status as normal and preferred average body shapes as their ideal for their gender and other gender. More than half of the student underestimated their body image so; innovative strategies are required to ensure better appreciation of the actual body size and understanding of the health consequences of overweight and obesity and to reverse the acceptance for larger body size.}, keywords = {Body Image,Satisfaction,Self-esteem,university students}, url = {https://ejcm.journals.ekb.eg/article_28135.html}, eprint = {https://ejcm.journals.ekb.eg/article_28135_d8fa3ac01b27b52c6ae9e7308d05d48c.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {The Influence of Nutritional Awareness Program on Knowledge and Behavior of Egyptian Medical Students regarding Junk Food}, journal = {The Egyptian Journal of Community Medicine}, volume = {37}, number = {1}, pages = {97-104}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Egyptian Community Medicine Association}, issn = {1110-1865}, eissn = {2090-2611}, doi = {10.21608/ejcm.2019.28136}, abstract = {Background: It is the 21st century and junk food has gone global. Far worse, junk food is now available everywhere all over the world. Objective: to measure the effect of a nutrition education program on medical students' knowledge and behavior and to evaluate their knowledge and behavior regarding junk food. Method: A total of 184 medical students from Beni- Suef University were enrolled in this non controlled intervention study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the students’ knowledge and behavior about junk food, before and after being subjected to a nutrition educational program. Results: Of the 184 medical students, (36.4%) were males while (63.6%) were females. The mean age of students was (20.45±1.24) years (range 18–23 years).The nutrition awareness program resulted in statistically significant improvement (p<0.001) in students' knowledge and behavior. 87.5% and 55.4 % of medical students were aware of the definition and the composition of the junk food respectively. Time constraints and the availability of junk food were the main cause to choose junk food among students with suboptimal behavior (29.5% and 23.3% respectively). Conclusion: the interventional awareness program showed a positive influence on improving the knowledge and behavior of medical students of Beni- Suef University regards junk food.}, keywords = {Junk food,Knowledge,food composition,Obesity,Medical students}, url = {https://ejcm.journals.ekb.eg/article_28136.html}, eprint = {https://ejcm.journals.ekb.eg/article_28136_ad70bf7d8daca9206e83aa12d802b4ab.pdf} }